CONCLUDING REMARKS - Interfaith Marriage
A. Conclusion
The explanation of entire problems regarding interfaith marriage actors in New Sorowajan Hamlet is completed and analyzed comprehensively with normative approach, thus it is time to give the conclusion in accordance with problem formulation:
1. There are seven (7) reasons at least as their basis to decide and determine to get married with their spouse of different religion: love and affection, quality of human, suggestion from kyai, being pregnant, discrimination and violation towards their human rights, all religions are equally same, all components of the family approve including their parent thus the other things will not be a matter so that their desire to get marriage was supported.
2. According to Islamic law and dali>l of Al-Qur’an and H{adi>s|, not all of their reasons is accepted or at least rationable to be a basis of decision to get married. Of seven reasons, there are merely three reasons that can be accepted:
a. An Islamic scholar (kyai)/Islamic lecturer decided that their marriage was permissible if their belief is strong. Factually, almost their children grasp Islam as one of their Islamic parent and the reality proves that different sex type is not a measurement to determine whether her belief is weak or strong, it’a also supported by the verse An-Nisa> (4): 34, it shows that both women and men could have weak or strong character and can be on the top or on the bottom.
b. Being pregnant. Surely it is answered clearly with An-Nu>r (24): 3. The verse shows that both adulterer and adulteress are considered as the idolater or unbeliever, so that it’s right to made them united.
c. If they are prohibited to get married it would be discrimination and violation towards their human rights. It can also be accepted, because Islam treats humans equally and gives them same rights. The justice from Islam is not just behalf on human perspective, but also primarily from Allah, unfortunately consideration about interfaith marriage is still a dilemma, because some ulama prohibit the marriage and another allow. So that the Islamic justice could not be implemented in case of interfaith marriage, because of its difference between ulama. Sociologically, interfaith marriage includes in living law, so that it must be allowed because of its advantages. In the Law No. 39 of 1999 regarding marriage and based on UUD 1945, prohibition towards interfaith marriage is a violation of human rights.
The other reasons could not be accepted: a) love and affection, it has been rejected by Al-Baqarah (2): 221 and H{adi>s| narrated by Al-Baihaqi. b) quality of human, it has also been rejected by H{adi>s narrated by Al-Baihaqi, it implies that religion is the most important consideration to select a lifetime partner and other considerations shall be disappeared and broken. c) all religions are equally same. It’s rejected, because a lot of verses show that all religions are not equally the same, Allah gives the proofs and lets human to choose between the right and the lost. d) family is everything, it’s as same as the love, can be a basis to allow their marriage. It will be quite different when the spouse has the same religion.
3. Before Indonesian regulation, their marital status is legal, because they are considered as the spouse of similar religion, although they have made temporary subjugation and counterfeiting data. But before Islamic law, their marital status must be observed as the marriage between Muslim and non Muslim, because their status on identity card is not their real status in the daily life. A Muslim returns to his original status as Muslim and a non Muslim returns to his original status as a non Muslim. Jumhu>r of ulama> such as Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi’i and Hanbali have prohibited interfaith marriage unless for Muslims to marry ahl al-kita>b women. In the contrary, the contemporary Islamic jurists, such as Muhammad Abduh, Muhammad Rasyid Ridha and Nasr Hamid Abu Zaid allow interfaith marriage either between a Muslim and ahl al-kita>b or in the contrary. There are many impacts resulted from interfaith marriage, but only two impacts are important to be observed, namely children’s status and right in inheritance. About children’s status, Indonesian regulation treats it as commonly as the family of similar religion. But in Islam law, the children status can follow strip of their mother only if we follow the thought of ulama that prohibit interfaith marriage, and can follow both their father and mother if we follow thought of ulama that allows it. Inheritance is close same with the status of children, but there is a different view of ulama in this case.
B. Recommendations
1. It’s possible to make the reasons of interfaith marriage actors as the consideration of law to decide the law of interfaith marriage.
2. The Marriage Law must regulate interfaith marriage matter clearly and thoroughly, so that there is no confusion especially among people who desired to marry different religion followers. Amendment towards The Marriage Law is something encouraged.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Al-Qur’an and Exegesis:
Departemen Agama, Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahannya, Semarang: CV. Toha Putra, 1989
S{abu>ni, Muhammad Ali al-, Tafsi>r Aya>t al-Ah{ka>m min al-Qur’a>n, Beirut: Da>r al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1999
Shihab, M. Quraish, Wawasan al-Qur’an, Bandung: Mizan, 2001
Hadis:
Alba>ni, Muhammad Na>s{iruddi>n Al-, Al-Ja>mi’ al-S{agi>r wa ziya>dah (Al-Fath al-Kabi>r), Beiru>t: Al-Maktab al-Islami>, 1988
Baihaqi, Abu Bakar Ahmad bin al-Husain bin ali Al-, Al-Sunan al-Kubro>, Beirut: Da>r al-Maghfirah, 1988
Law and Fiqh:
Abdurrahman, Himpunan Peraturan Perundang-undangan tentang Perkawinan di Indonesia, Jakarta: Akademika Pressindo, 1986
Adjie, Sution Usman, Kawin Lari dan Kawin antar Agama, Yogyakarta: Liberty, 1989
Asmawi, Mohammad, Nikah dalam Perbincangan dan Perbedaan, Yogyakarta: Darussalam, 2004
Ayyub, Syaikh Hasan, Fikih Keluarga, Jakarta: Pustaka al-Kautsar, 2006
Bahry, Nazar, Problematika Pelaksanaan Fiqh Islam, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada, 1994
Ba>juri, Syaikh Muhammad al-, H{a>syiah al-Ba>ju>ri ‘ala> Ibn Qa>sim al-Gazi>, Jeddah: Al-Haramain, n.y
Barakatullah, Abdul Halim and Teguh Presetyo, Hukum Islam Menjawab Tantangan Zaman yang Terus Berkembang, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2006
Basya, Muhamad Hilaly, Pernikahan Beda Agama: Membongkar Dogma dalam Memoar Cintaku, Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2004
Basyir, Ahmad Azhar, Kawin Campur, Adopsi, Wasiat Menurut Hukum Islam, Bandung: Al-Ma’arif, 1972
Chairuddin, OK., Sosiologi Hukum, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 1991
Gautama, Sudargo, Segi-segi Hukum Peraturan Perkawinan Campuran, 4th Ed. Bandung: Andes Utama, 1974
Hadiwardono, Al Purwa, Perkawinan Menurut Islam dan Katolik; Implikasinya dalam Kawin Campur, Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1995
Haeri, Sahla, Law of Desire, Temporary Marriage in Shi’i Iran, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1989
Hazm, Ibn, Al-M{ahalli>, Kairo: Maktabah Da>r al-Tura>th, n.y
Karsayuda, M., Perkawinan Beda Agama, Menakar Nilai-nilai Keadilan Kompilasi Hukum Islam, Yogyakarta: Total Media, 2006
Hooker, M.B., Islamic Law in South-East Asia, Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1984
Mahmood, Tahir, Family Law Reform in The Muslim World, New Delhi: The Indian Law Institute, 1972
Muhammad, Abu Bakar ibnu, I’a>nah al-T{a>libi>n, Beirut: Da>r al-Kutub, 2002
Muhdlor, A. Zuhdi, Memahami Hukum Perkawinan (Nikah, Talak, Cerai, dan Rujuk) Menurut Hukum Islam, UU Nomor 1/1974/UU Nomor 7/1969 dan Kompilasi Hukum Islam, Bandung: Al-Bayan, 1995
Na’imi, Abdullah An-, Islamic Family Law in a Changing World, a Global Resource Book, London: Bondon, 2002
___________________, Toward an Islamic Reformation; Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1996
Nasution, Khoiruddin, Hukum Perdata Islam Indonesia dan Perbandingan Hukum Perkawinan di Dunia Muslim, Yogyakarta: Tazzafa, 2009
Olion, David H. cs, Marriages and Families: Intimacy, Diversity, and Strengths, New York: McGraw Hill, 2008
Pearl, David S., A Textbook on Muslim Personal Law, London: British Library Catalouging in Publication Data, 1987
Qardlawi, Yusuf al-, Fatwa Qardlawi, Permasalahan, Pemecahan, dan Hikmah, Translator: A. Ali Bauzir, Surabaya: Risalah Gusti, 1996
Rahman, Fatchur, Ilmu Waris, Bandung: PT Alma’arif, 1975
Ramulyo, M. Idris, Tinjauan Beberapa Pasal UU No. 1 1974 dari Segi Hukum Perkawinan Islam, Jakarta: Ind-Hillco, 1986
Rofiq, Ahmad, Hukum Islam di Indonesia, Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2003
Ruysd, Ibnu, Bida>yah al-Mujtahid, Semarang: Toha Putra, n.y
Sabiq, Sayid, Fiqh as-Sunnah, Beirut: Da>r al-Fikr, 1981
Syadzali, Munawir, Ijtihad Kemanusiaan, Jakarta: Paramadina, 1997
Yonggu, Chuzaimah T. and Hafiz Anshory AZ, (ed.), Problematika Hukum Islam Kontemporer, Jakarta: LSIK, 2002
Yunus, Mahmud, Perkawinan dalam Islam, Jakarta: PT Hidakarya Agung, 1975
Zahrah, Abu, Al-Ah}wa>l al-Shakhsyiyyah, Kairo: Da>r al-Fikr, 2005
Theses:
Aziz, M. Muhdi Fanani, “Pluralitas dan Dialog Agama-agama” Thesis of Faculty of Ushuluddin, Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta, 2005
Harsono, Muhammad, “Nikah Beda Agama dalam Perspektif Aktifis Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL)” Thesis of Syari’ah Faculty, State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2008
Mahmudi, Adris, “Tinjauan Hukum Islam Terhadap Perkawinan Beda Agama (Studi Kasus di Desa Catur Tunggal Kecamatan Depok Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta)” Thesis of Syari’ah Faculty, State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2008.
Muflih, Jauli, “Perkawinan Beda Agama dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam (Perbandingan Antara Pendapat T.M. Hasby Ash-Shiddieqy dan Yusuf Al-Qardhawi)” Thesis of Syari’ah Faculty, IAIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2003
Solahudin, “Konsep Ahli Kitab dan Perkawinan Antar Agama (Studi Kasus Atas Pemikiran Muhammad Arkoun dan Implikasinya Terhadap Perkawinan Antar Agama di Indonesia)” Thesis of Syari’ah Faculty, State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2008.
Others:
IIAS Newsletter#45 Autumn, Arrange Love; Marriage in a Transnational Work Environment, Netherlands: IIAS, 2007
Jarjani, Syarif Ali bin Muhammad al-, Kita>b al-Ta’rifa>t, Jeddah: Al-Haramain, 2001
New Sorowajan Hamlet’s Documents
Shaleh, Qamaruddin, Asbabun Nuzul, Bandung: C.V. Diponegoro, 1974
Singarimbun, Masri and Sofyan Effendi, Metode Penelitian Survei, Jakarta: LP3ES, 1984
Soekanto, Soejono and Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif: Suatu Tinjauan Singkat, Jakarta: Rajawali, 1986
Surakhmad, Winarno, Pengantar Penelitian Ilmiah: Dasar, Metode, Teknik, Bandung: Transito, 1998
Village Banguntapan Document, Potensi Desa Banguntapan 2007 dan Tingkat Perkembangan Desa Banguntapan 2007
Internet:
http://anggara.org/2007/07/05/perkawinan-beda-agama-di-indonesia/, Accessed on Sunday, October 31, 2010
http://bh4kt1.multiply.com/journal/item/18, Accessed on Monday, November 1, 2010.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaith_marriage, accessed on Wednesday, September 8 2010
http://ppmps.wordpress.com/interfaith-marriage-project/tujuan-dan-strategi-program/, accessed on Wednesday, 20 October 2010.
No comments:
Post a Comment